抽象的。目的:本文提出了一种用于产生虚拟术中CT扫描的方案,以改善内窥镜窦手术(ESS)的手术完整性。方法:该工作呈现三种方法,基于尖端运动,基于尖端轨迹的基于仪器,以及基于仪器,以及虚拟术中CT生成的非参数平滑和高斯过程回归。结果:所提出的方法研究,并在尸体上进行的ESS进行了比较。外科结果表明,所有三种方法都改善了骰子相似系数> 86%,F分数> 92%和精度> 89.91%。发现基于尖端轨迹的方法具有最佳性能,并在外科完整性评估中获得了96.87%的精度。结论:这项工作表明,虚拟术中CT扫描改善了实际手术场景与参考模型之间的一致性,并提高了ESS中的手术完整性。与实际的术中CT扫描相比,该方案对现有的外科议定书没有影响,不需要除了最多的ESS中已经提供的额外硬件克服了高成本,重复辐射和由实际术中引起的细长麻醉CTS,并在ESS中实用。
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内镜窦和头骨基础手术(Essbss)是一个具有挑战性和潜在的危险的外科手术,客观技能评估是提高手术训练有效性的关键组成部分,重新​​验证外科医生的技能,并降低手术创伤和并发症手术室的速度。由于外科手术的复杂性,操作风格的变化,以及新的外科技能的快速发展,外科技能评估仍然是一个具有挑战性的问题。这项工作提出了一种新颖的高斯过程学习的启发式自动客观外科手术技能评估方法。不同于经典的外科技能评估算法,所提出的方法1)利用外科仪器相对运动中的运动学特征,而不是使用特定的外科任务或统计数据实时评估技能; 2)提供信息丰富的反馈,而不是总结分数; 3)能够逐步从新数据逐步学习,而不是根据固定的数据集。该方法将仪器运动投射到内窥镜坐标中以减少数据维度。然后,它提取投影数据的运动学特征,并学习外科技能水平与高斯过程学习技术的特征之间的关系。该方法在全内镜颅底和尸体上的鼻窦手术中核实。这些手术具有不同的病理学,需要不同的治疗并具有不同的复杂性。实验结果表明,该方法达到了100 \%的预测精度,用于完整的外科手术和90 \%的实时预测评估精度。
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Recent advances in deep learning have enabled us to address the curse of dimensionality (COD) by solving problems in higher dimensions. A subset of such approaches of addressing the COD has led us to solving high-dimensional PDEs. This has resulted in opening doors to solving a variety of real-world problems ranging from mathematical finance to stochastic control for industrial applications. Although feasible, these deep learning methods are still constrained by training time and memory. Tackling these shortcomings, Tensor Neural Networks (TNN) demonstrate that they can provide significant parameter savings while attaining the same accuracy as compared to the classical Dense Neural Network (DNN). In addition, we also show how TNN can be trained faster than DNN for the same accuracy. Besides TNN, we also introduce Tensor Network Initializer (TNN Init), a weight initialization scheme that leads to faster convergence with smaller variance for an equivalent parameter count as compared to a DNN. We benchmark TNN and TNN Init by applying them to solve the parabolic PDE associated with the Heston model, which is widely used in financial pricing theory.
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Haptic feedback can improve safety of teleoperated robots when situational awareness is limited or operators are inattentive. Standard potential field approaches increase haptic resistance as an obstacle is approached, which is desirable when the operator is unaware of the obstacle but undesirable when the movement is intentional, such as when the operator wishes to inspect or manipulate an object. This paper presents a novel haptic teleoperation framework that estimates the operator's attentiveness to dampen haptic feedback for intentional movement. A biologically-inspired attention model is developed based on computational working memory theories to integrate visual saliency estimation with spatial mapping. This model generates an attentiveness map in real-time, and the haptic rendering system generates lower haptic forces for obstacles that the operator is estimated to be aware of. Experimental results in simulation show that the proposed framework outperforms haptic teleoperation without attentiveness estimation in terms of task performance, robot safety, and user experience.
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Sparsely gated Mixture of Experts (MoE) models have been shown to be a compute-efficient method to scale model capacity for multilingual machine translation. However, for low-resource tasks, MoE models severely over-fit. We show effective regularization strategies, namely dropout techniques for MoE layers in EOM and FOM, Conditional MoE Routing and Curriculum Learning methods that prevent over-fitting and improve the performance of MoE models on low-resource tasks without adversely affecting high-resource tasks. On a massively multilingual machine translation benchmark, our strategies result in about +1 chrF++ improvement in very low resource language pairs. We perform an extensive analysis of the learned MoE routing to better understand the impact of our regularization methods and how we can improve them.
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The ability to learn from human demonstration endows robots with the ability to automate various tasks. However, directly learning from human demonstration is challenging since the structure of the human hand can be very different from the desired robot gripper. In this work, we show that manipulation skills can be transferred from a human to a robot through the use of micro-evolutionary reinforcement learning, where a five-finger human dexterous hand robot gradually evolves into a commercial robot, while repeated interacting in a physics simulator to continuously update the policy that is first learned from human demonstration. To deal with the high dimensions of robot parameters, we propose an algorithm for multi-dimensional evolution path searching that allows joint optimization of both the robot evolution path and the policy. Through experiments on human object manipulation datasets, we show that our framework can efficiently transfer the expert human agent policy trained from human demonstrations in diverse modalities to target commercial robots.
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感官反应系统(例如机器人技术和AR/VR)必须采取高度响应的实时操作,这是由涉及感应,感知,计划和反应任务的复杂决策驱动的。这些任务必须安排在资源约束的设备上,以便满足应用程序的性能目标和要求。这是一个困难的调度问题,需要处理多个调度维度以及资源使用和可用性的变化。实际上,系统设计师手动调整其特定硬件和应用参数,从而导致泛化不良并增加了开发负担。在这项工作中,我们强调了在有感觉反应系统中在运行时安排CPU资源的新兴需求。我们研究三个规范应用程序(面部跟踪,机器人导航和VR),以首先了解此类系统的关键调度要求。凭借这种理解,我们开发了一个调度框架Catan,该框架动态调度了在应用程序的不同组件上计算资源,以满足指定的应用程序要求。通过在广泛使用的机器人技术框架(ROS)和开源AR/VR平台上实施的原型实验,我们显示了系统计划对达到三个应用程序的性能目标的影响,Catan能够更好地取得更好的成就应用程序性能比手工调整的配置以及如何动态适应运行时变化。
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变形金刚已成为主要的机器学习工作负载,它们不仅是自然语言处理任务的事实上的标准,而且还将部署在其他领域,例如视觉和语音识别。许多基于变压器的应用程序都是实时系统,例如机器翻译和Web搜索。这些实时系统通常具有严格的端到端推理潜伏期需求。不幸的是,尽管大多数变压器计算都来自基质乘法,但变压器还包括几种非线性组件,它们在推理过程中倾向于成为瓶颈。在这项工作中,我们加快了张量流处理器上BERT模型的推断。通过小心地将所有非线性组件与矩阵乘法组件融合在一起,我们能够有效地利用芯片矩阵乘法单元,从而通过BERT-1通过BERT-1通过BERT-BASE,确定性的尾巴延迟为130 $ \ MU $ s,比当前的最新时间快6倍。
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众所周知,自动语音识别(ASR)系统在转录儿童的言语时会出现困难。这主要归因于没有大儿童的语音语料库来培训强大的ASR模型以及在用接受成人数据培训的系统解码儿童演讲时所产生的领域不匹配。在本文中,我们提出了多种增强能力来减轻这些问题。首先,我们根据语音源过滤器模型提出了一种数据增强技术,以缩小成人和儿童语音之间的领域差距。这使我们能够通过使这些样本在感知上与儿童的言语相似,从而利用成人语音语料库的数据可用性。其次,使用这种增强策略,我们将转移学习应用于成人数据预先训练的变压器模型。该模型遵循最近引入的XLS-R体系结构,这是对几个跨语性成人语音语料库进行预训练的WAV2VEC 2.0模型,以学习一般和强大的声学框架级表示。使用拟议的来源滤清器扭曲策略增强的成人数据来采用此模型,以实现ASR任务,并且在PF-Star英国英语儿童演讲语料库上的先前最先进的结果大大优于先前的最先进的结果官方测试集中的4.86%。
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自动设计虚拟人和类人动物在帮助游戏,电影和机器人中的角色创作过程中具有巨大的潜力。在某些情况下,角色创建者可能希望设计针对某些动作(例如空手道踢和跑酷跳跃)定制的类人体身体。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个人形设计框架,以自动生成以预先指定的人体运动为条件的身体有效的人形体。首先,我们学习了一个广义的类人动物控制器,该控制器在大型人体运动数据集上进行了训练,该数据集具有多样化的人体运动和身体形状。其次,我们使用设计与控制框架来优化类人动物的物理属性,以找到可以更好地模仿预先指定的人类运动序列的身体设计。我们的方法利用预先训练的类人动物控制器和物理模拟作为指导,能够发现经过定制以执行预先指定的人类运动的新类型类人体设计。
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